Carrot-and-stick approach not only often does not work, it often does harm when it comes to 21st-century tasks. This has been known – and been ignored – for many years.
21st-century tasks require creative thinking. Cognitive skills. The carrot-and-stick approach is more suitable for mechanical skills.
Mastery, autonomy and purpose. THAT is the real secret of the gaming approach. It is NOT in the “rewards” themselves, it is in the mastery they stand for.